„Unsere gemeinsame Zukunft?“ Tiere und Nachhaltigkeit
Schlagworte:
Tiere, Mensch/Tier-Beziehung, Human-Animal Studies, Critical Animal Studies, Nachhaltigkeit, Nachhaltige Entwicklung, Tierindustrie, Klimawandel, Umweltsoziologie, Politische Ökologie, Ökofeminismus, Intersektionalität, Diskursanalyse, ökologische ModerniAbstract
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” In dieser Nachhaltigkeitsdefinition sind nur menschliche Generationen gemeint. Aber was ist mit zukünftigen tierlichen Generationen? Wie werden nichtmenschliche Tiere in Theorie und Praxis von nachhaltiger Entwicklung berücksichtigt?
Das in der Sektionsveranstaltung „Neue Trends in der Umweltsoziologie“ am 37. Kongress der DGS vorgestellte Dissertationsprojekt widmet sich dieser Frage und situiert sich damit im neuen Forschungsfeld der Human-Animal Studies. Die Human-Animal Studies untersuchen das gesellschaftliche Verhältnis zu Tieren, während die Sparte der Critical Animal Studies in erster Linie die ökonomischen und politischen Bedingungen dieses oftmals von Unterdrückung geprägten Verhältnisses durchleuchten. Theoretischer Hintergrund der Arbeit ist eine herrschaftskritische, radikale Ökologie, welche die gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnisse unter dem Blickpunkt der Intersektionalität von Unterdrückung studiert.
In der hier diskutierten Forschungsarbeit wird der grundsätzlichen, aber bislang kaum bearbeiteten Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle Tiere in der Nachhaltigkeitspolitik spielen. Ein besonderer Fokus wird auf sogenannte Nutztiere oder vernutzte Tiere gelegt. Im Zeitalter des Anthropo- oder Kapitalozäns hat die Erforschung der ökologischen Folgen der Tierindustrie, für welche jährlich über 60 Milliarden Landtiere gezüchtet und getötet werden, eine neue Notwendigkeit erlangt: emittiert sie doch mehr Treibhausgase als das globale Transportwesen und gilt als eine der destruktivsten Industrien der Welt. Der Konsum von „Fleisch“ hat sich in den letzten fünfzig Jahren mehr als verdoppelt und wird dies erwartungsgemäss nochmals bis im Jahr 2050 tun – die Umweltbelastung wird sich folglich ebenfalls drastisch vergrössern. Gleichzeitig berichtet der Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), dass die Erhöhung der globalen Durchschnittstemperatur bis im Jahr 2100 über zwei Grad Celsius betragen kann. Drei der neun planetarischen Grenzen, die eine für Menschen bewohnbare Biosphäre ausmachen, wurden schon überschritten, wofür die Tierindustrie maßgeblich verantwortlich ist.
Nach einer Einführung in den Kontext der Tierindustrie, welche einen Einblick in die Realität der zu Biomaschinen degradierten tierlichen Individuen und in die weitreichenden ökologischen wie sozialen Konsequenzen des tierindustriellen Komplexes beinhaltet, erfolgt die Diskussion von Forschungsfrage und Methode. Dabei werden folgende zwei Fragestellungen behandelt und in eine Analyse der gesellschaftlichen Natur- und Machtverhältnisse eingebettet:
Erstens wird untersucht, was Tiere für Nachhaltigkeit bedeuten. Dafür wird anhand von internationalen Nachhaltigkeitsdeklarationen seit 1987 herausgearbeitet, wie Tiere in der Nachhaltigkeitspolitik repräsentiert werden.
Zweitens wird erörtert, was Nachhaltigkeit für Tiere bedeutet. Hierfür werden die Auswirkungen dieser Deklarationen auf Tiere, insbesondere auf vernutzte Tiere, erforscht. In Studien zur Umweltbelastung der Tierindustrie sind verschiedene Trends zu beobachten, u.a. die Bestrebung, ihre Emissionen zu verringern, aber gleichzeitig die Produktion zu steigern – dies z.B. durch die genetische Veränderung der Tiermägen; die Entwicklung von weniger umweltschädlichem „In-vitro-Fleisch“; oder die Tendenz zu sogenannt „nachhaltigem Fleisch“.
Die Nachhaltigkeitsdeklarationen und genannten Studien werden mittels einer soziologischen Diskursanalyse nach Maarten A. Hajer untersucht.
In einer Vorstellung vorläufiger Ergebnisse wird festgehalten, dass der gegenwärtige Nachhaltigkeitsdiskurs vom grünen Wachstum dominiert ist. Weiter ist er von einer anthropozentrischen und instrumentellen Rationalität geprägt, die nichtmenschliche Tiere als Ressourcen behandelt. Dieses hegemoniale Verständnis von Nachhaltigkeit schlägt sich auch ganz praktisch in der Tierindustrie nieder. Deren Umweltzerstörung wird mit technokratischen Lösungen im Sinne ökologischer Modernisierung begegnet: sei dies mit nachhaltiger Intensivierung oder In-vitro-Fleisch. Grüner Kapitalismus und Greenwashing in der Tierindustrie: Wenn es um Profitmaximierung geht, werden Kreaturen zu Material und planetarische Grenzen irrelevant. Die Perspektive der kritischen Ökologie im Themenkomplex Tiere und Nachhaltigkeit ermöglicht dabei die Offenlegung neuer, unerwarteter und ineinander verschränkter Formen von Herrschaft über die Natur, menschliche wie nichtmenschliche Tiere.
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