Open-Source-Projekte als utopischer Gegenentwurf, Entwicklungsmethode und Innovationsstrategie
Schlagworte:
Peer Production, Open Source, Demokratisierung, Open Innovation, SoftwareindustrieAbstract
Der vorliegende Beitrag rekonstruiert die sich wandelnden Beziehungen zwischen Open-Source-Communitys und IT-Markt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass quelloffene und proprietäre Softwareentwicklung bzw. projektförmige Kollaborationsmuster in Open-Source-Gemeinschaften und eingespielte sozioökonomische Koordinationsweisen weniger in einem konkurrierenden als in einem komplementären Verhältnis zueinander stehen. Während freie Softwareentwicklung zunächst subversiv konnotiert war und in geschützten Nischen stattfand, ist das Involvement in Open-Source-Projekte heute zu einem festen Baustein der Innovationsstrategien aller großen Anbieter geworden.Literaturhinweise
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Lessig, L. 1999: Open Code and Open Societies. Chicago Kent Law Review, 74. Jg., 1405–1420.
Levy, S. 1984: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Garden City: Anchor Press.
Microsoft Inc. 2015: 2014 Annual Report. http://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ (letzter Aufruf 12/2016).
Moody, G. 2002: Rebel Code. New York: Basic.
Netscape Communications. 1998: Netscape Announces Mozilla.org. Press Release 23.2.1998.
O’Mahony, S. 2003: Guarding the Commons. How Community Managed Software Projects Protect their Work. Research Policy, 32. Jg., Heft 7, 1179–1198.
Osterloh, M., Rota, S. 2007: Open Source Software Development: Just Another Case of Collective Invention? Research Policy, 36. Jg., Heft 2, 157–171.
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Schrape, J.-F. 2016: Open-Source-Projekte als Utopie, Methode und Innovationsstrategie. Glückstadt: VWH.
Spreeuwenberg, K. /Poell, T. 2012: Android and the Political Economy of the Mobile Internet. First Monday, 17. Jg., Heft 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v17i7.4050 (112/2016).
Stallman, R. 2002: Free Software, Free Society. Boston: GNU Press.
Stallman, R. 1983: New UNIX Implementation. http://bit.ly/1DSDoXW (letzer Aufruf 12/2016).
Suddaby, R. 2013: Book Review: The Janus Face of Commercial Open Source Software Communities. Organization Studies, 34. Jg., Heft 7, 1009–1011.
Tapscott, D./Williams, A. D. 2006: Wikinomics. New York: Portfolio.
Torvalds, L. 1998: LINUX Manifesto. Interview. Boot Magazine, Jg. 1998, Heft 7–8, 32–37.
Torvalds, L. 2002: Re: [PATCH] Remove Bitkeeper Documentation from Linux Tree. Linux Kernel Mailinglist vom 20.4.2002. http://lwn.net/2002/0425/a/ideology-sucks.php3 (letzter Aufruf12/2016).
Wasserman, A. 2013: Community and Commercial Strategies in Open Source Software. Information Technology 55. Jg., Heft 5, 181–188.
Allen, R. 1983: Collective Invention. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 4. Jg., Heft 1, 1–24.
Alleyne, B. 2011: Challenging Code: A Sociological Reading of the KDE Free Software Project. Sociology, 45. Jg., Heft 3, 496–511.
Benkler, Y. 2002: Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and ‚The Nature of the Firm’. Yale Law Journal, 112. Jg., 369–446.
Benkler, Y. 2013: Practical Anarchism, Peer Mutualism, Market Power, and the Fallible State. Politics & Society, 41. Jg., Heft 2, 213–251.
Benkler, Y., Nissenbaum, H. 2006: Commons-based Peer Production and Virtue. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14. Jg., Heft 4, 394–419.
Bennett, W. L., Segerberg, A., Walker, S. 2014: Organization in the Crowd: Peer Production in Large-scale Networked Protests. Information, Communication & Society, 17. Jg., Heft 2, 232–260.
Bergquist, M., Ljungberg, J., Rolandsson, B. 2012: Justifying the Value of Open Source. ECIS 2012/122.
Bezroukov, N. 1999: A Second Look at the Cathedral and the Bazaar. First Monday, 4. Jg., Heft 12. http://firstmonday.org/article/view/708/618 (12/2016).
Boudreau, K., Lakhani, K. 2015: ‚Open’ Disclosure of Innovations, Incentives and Follow-on Reuse. Research Policy, 44. Jg., Heft 1, 4–19.
Bulajewski, M. 2011: The Peer Production Illusion, Part I. MrTeaCup vom 19.11.2011. http://www.mrteacup.org/post/peer-production-illusion-part-1.html (letzter Aufruf 01.12.2016).
Capek, P., Frank, S., Gerdt, S., Shields, D. 2005: A History of IBM's Open-Source Involvement and Strategy. IBM Systems Journal, 44. Jg., Heft 2, 249–257.
Coleman, G. 2013: Coding Freedom. The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking. Princeton: PUP.
Corbet, J. 2015: Development Activity in LibreOffice and OpenOffice. LWN.net vom 25.3.2015. https://lwn.net/Articles/637735/ (letzter Aufruf 01.12.2016).
Corbet, J., Kroah-Hartman, G., McPherson, A. 2009–2015: Linux Kernel Development Report. San Francisco: The Linux Foundation.
Dahlander, L., Magnusson, M. 2008: How do Firms Make Use of Open Source Communities? Long Range Planning, 41. Jg., Heft 6, 629–649.
Dickel, S., Schrape, J.-F. 2015: Dezentralisierung, Demokratisierung, Emanzipation. Zur Architektur des digitalen Technikutopismus. Leviathan, 43. Jg., Heft 3, 442–463.
Dolata, U., Schrape, J.-F. 2016: Masses, Crowds, Communities, Movements: Collective Action in the Internet Age. Social Movement Studies, 15. Jg., Heft 1, 1–18.
Driver, M. 2014: Within the Enterprise, Open Source Must Coexist in a Hybrid IT Portfolio. Research Report vom 23.8.2014. Stamford: Gartner.
Forrester Research Inc. 2014: Enterprise and SMB Software Survey, North America and Europe. Market Report. Cambridge: Forrester.
Free Software Foundation. 1989: GNU General Public License (GPL) Version 1.0. Boston: FSF.
Gates, B. 1976: An Open Letter to Hobbyists. Computer Notes, 1. Jg., Heft 9, 3.
Gonzalez-Barahona, J., Robles, G. 2013: Trends in Free, Libre, Open Source Software Communities. Information Technology, 55. Jg., Heft 5, 173–180.
Google Inc. 2015: Annual Report. Form 10-K. https://investor.google.com (12/2016).
Greenstein, S., Nagle, F. 2014: Digital Dark Matter and the Economic Contribution of Apache. Research Policy, 43. Jg., 623–631.
Gulley, N., Lakhani, K. 2010: The Determinants of Individual Performance and Collective Value in Private-collective Software Innovation. Harvard Business School TOMU Working Paper 10/065.
Henkel, J., Schöberl, S., Alexy, O. 2014: The Emergence of Openness: How and Why Firms adopt Selective Revealing in Open Innovation. Research Policy, 43. Jg., Heft 5, 879–890.
Herstatt, C., Ehls, D. 2015: Open Source Innovation. New York: Routledge.
Jaeger, T. 2010: Enforcement of the GNU GPL in Germany and Europe. Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law, 1. Jg., Heft1, 34–39.
Kolassa, C., Riehle, D., Riemer, P., Schmidt, M. 2014: Paid vs. Volunteer Work in Open Source. Proceedings 47th Hawaii Conference on System Sciences, 3286–3295.
Kreiss, D., Finn, M., Turner, F. 2011: The Limits of Peer Production: Some Reminders from Max Weber for the Network Society. New Media & Society, 13. Jg., Heft 2, 243–259.
Lakhani, K., Hippel, E. v. 2003: How Open Source Software Works. Research Policy, 32. Jg., Heft 6, 923–943.
Lerner, J. 2012: The Architecture of Innovation. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
Lessig, L. 1999: Open Code and Open Societies. Chicago Kent Law Review, 74. Jg., 1405–1420.
Levy, S. 1984: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Garden City: Anchor Press.
Microsoft Inc. 2015: 2014 Annual Report. http://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ (letzter Aufruf 12/2016).
Moody, G. 2002: Rebel Code. New York: Basic.
Netscape Communications. 1998: Netscape Announces Mozilla.org. Press Release 23.2.1998.
O’Mahony, S. 2003: Guarding the Commons. How Community Managed Software Projects Protect their Work. Research Policy, 32. Jg., Heft 7, 1179–1198.
Osterloh, M., Rota, S. 2007: Open Source Software Development: Just Another Case of Collective Invention? Research Policy, 36. Jg., Heft 2, 157–171.
Raymond, E. S. 1999: The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Sebastopol: O’Reilly.
Rifkin, J. 2014: The Zero Marginal Cost Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Stamelos, I. 2014: Management and Coordination of Free/Open Source Projects. In G. Ruhe, C. Wohlin (Hg.), Software Project Management in a Changing World. New York: Springer, 321–341.
Schrape, J.-F. 2016: Open-Source-Projekte als Utopie, Methode und Innovationsstrategie. Glückstadt: VWH.
Spreeuwenberg, K. /Poell, T. 2012: Android and the Political Economy of the Mobile Internet. First Monday, 17. Jg., Heft 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v17i7.4050 (112/2016).
Stallman, R. 2002: Free Software, Free Society. Boston: GNU Press.
Stallman, R. 1983: New UNIX Implementation. http://bit.ly/1DSDoXW (letzer Aufruf 12/2016).
Suddaby, R. 2013: Book Review: The Janus Face of Commercial Open Source Software Communities. Organization Studies, 34. Jg., Heft 7, 1009–1011.
Tapscott, D./Williams, A. D. 2006: Wikinomics. New York: Portfolio.
Torvalds, L. 1998: LINUX Manifesto. Interview. Boot Magazine, Jg. 1998, Heft 7–8, 32–37.
Torvalds, L. 2002: Re: [PATCH] Remove Bitkeeper Documentation from Linux Tree. Linux Kernel Mailinglist vom 20.4.2002. http://lwn.net/2002/0425/a/ideology-sucks.php3 (letzter Aufruf12/2016).
Wasserman, A. 2013: Community and Commercial Strategies in Open Source Software. Information Technology 55. Jg., Heft 5, 181–188.
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2017-05-15
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Ad-Hoc: ›Open-Bewegungen‹: Die Kritik der Geschlossenheit
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