Intern Labor in China
Keywords:
intern labor, student workers, internships, vocational schools, labor agencies, the state, ChinaAbstract
Internships have become integral to the development of vocational education in China. This article looks into the quasi-employment arrangements of student interns, who occupy an ambiguous space between being a student and being a worker at the point of production. Some employers recruit interns on their own, while others secure a supply of student labor through coordinated support of provincial and lower-level governments that prioritize investments, as well as through subcontracting services of private labor agencies. The incorporation of teachers into corporate management can strengthen control over students during their internships. While interns are required to do the same work as other employees, their unpaid or underpaid working experiences testify that intern labor is devalued. Exposés of abuses, such as using child labor in the guise of interns, have pressured the Chinese state and companies to eventually take remedial action. Reclaiming student workers’ educational and labor rights in the growing intern economy, however, remains contested.
This is a reprint of the original article that appeared in:
Rural China: An International Journal of History and Social Science, 14 (2017) 82-100.
Reprinted with permission.
References
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Butollo, Florian, and Tobias ten Brink (2012) “Challenging the atomization of discontent: patterns of migrant-worker protest in China during the series of strikes in 2010.” Critical Asian Studies 44, 3: 419–40.
Chakrabortty, Aditya (2016) “Your new iPhone’s features include oppression, inequality—and vast profit.” The Guardian. Sept. 19. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/19/your -new-iphone-features-oppression-inequality-vast-profit.
Chan, Chris King-chi, and Elaine Sio-ieng Hui (2014) “The development of collective bargaining in China: from ‘collective bargaining by riot’ to ‘party state-led wage bargaining.’” China Q. 217: 221–42.
Chan, Jenny, Ngai Pun, and Mark Selden (2015) “Interns or workers? China’s student labor regime.” Asian Studies (Official Journal of the Asian Studies Association of Hong Kong) 1, 1: 69–98. http:// www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=P20151027006&typ e=P001; and, Asia-Pacific J. vol. 13, issue 36, no. 1 (Sept.) 7, http://apjjf.org/-Jenny-Chan/4372.
Chan, Jenny, and Mark Selden (2016) “The labour politics of China’s rural migrant workers.” Globalizations: 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1200263.
Chen, Chih-Jou Jay 陈志柔 (2015) “中国威权政体下的集体抗议: 台资厂大罢工的案例 分析” (Popular protest in an authoritarian regime: a wildcat strike in southern China). 台湾社 会学 30: 1–53.
China Labor Bulletin (2015) “Five years on, Nanhai Honda workers want more room from their trade union.” May 15. http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/five-years-nanhai-honda-workers-want-more -their-trade-union.
Chuang, Julia (2015) “Urbanization through dispossession: survival and stratification in China’s new townships.” J. of Peasant Studies 42, 2: 275–94.
DanWatch (2015) “Servants of servers: rights violations and forced labour in the supply chain of ICT (information and communications technology) equipment in European universities,” Oct. 5. https://www.danwatch.dk/en/undersogelse/servants-of-servers/.
de Peuter, Greig, Nicole S. Cohen, and Enda Brophy [eds.] (2015) “Interrogating internships: unpaid work, creative industries, and higher education.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 329–602.
EICC and REAP [Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and Stanford University’s Rural Education Action Program] (2015a) “Creating and evaluating a credentialing system for vocational schools in China.” Phase 2 final report. http://www.eiccoalition.org/media/docs/publications/EICC-REAP report2015.pdf.
EICC and REAP [Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and Stanford University’s Rural Education Action Program] (2015b) “A coalition for responsible vocational education.” 7-min video. https:// vimeo.com/140385551.
EICC and REAP [Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and Stanford University’s Rural Education Action Program] (2016) “Electronics industry recognizes vocational schools in China for excellence.” http://www.eiccoalition.org/news-and-events/news/credentialed-schools-china/.
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Hoffman, Lisa (2001) “Guiding college graduates to work: social constructions of labor markets in Dalian.” Pp. 43–66 in Nancy N. Chen, Constance D. Clark, Suzanne Z. Gottschang, and Lyn Jeffery (eds.), China Urban: Ethnographies of Contemporary Culture. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
Hope, Sophie, and Joanna Figiel (2015) “Interning and investing: rethinking unpaid work, social capital, and the ‘human capital regime.’” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 361–74.
Huang, Philip C. C. (2011) “The theoretical and practical implications of China’s development experience: the role of informal economic practices.” Modern China 37, 1: 3–43.
Ip, Iam-chong (2015) “Negotiating educated subjectivity: intern labor and higher education in Hong Kong.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 501–8. http://www.triple-c.at/index .php/tripleC/article/view/596/761.
Kuczera, Malgorzata, and Simon Field (2010) “Learning for jobs: OECD reviews of vocational education and training—options for China.” OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). http://www.oecd.org/china/45486493.pdf.
Kuruvilla, Sarosh, Ching Kwan Lee, and Mary E. Gallagher [eds.] (2011) From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization: Markets, Workers, and the State in a Changing China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
Lee, Ching Kwan (2016) “Precarization or empowerment? Reflections on recent labor unrest in China.” J. of Asian Studies 75, 2: 317–33.
Ling, Minhua (2015) “‘Bad students go to vocational schools!’: education, social reproduction and migrant youth in urban China.” China J. 73: 108–31.
Liu, Genghua (2014) “Private employment agencies and labour dispatch in China.” SECTOR Working Paper No. 293. Geneva: International Labour Office. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ public/-ed_dialogue/-sector/documents/publication/wcms_246921.pdf.
Lyddon, Dave, Xuebing Cao, Quan Meng, and Jun Lu (2015) “A strike of ‘unorganised’ workers in a Chinese car factory: the Nanhai Honda events of 2010.” Industrial Relations J. 46, 2: 134–52.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 (2010a) 国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要 2010–2020年 (Outline of China’s national plan for medium and long-term education reform and development, 2010–2020), July 29. http://www.gov .cn/jrzg/2010-07/29/content_1667143.htm.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 (2010b) 关于应对企业技工荒进一步做好中等职业学校学生实习工作的通知 (Circular on further improving the work of secondary vocational school student internships regarding the skilled labor shortage of enterprises), Mar. 10. http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/ htmlfiles/moe/s3044/201005/87769.html.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 (2015) 高中阶段学生数的构成 (Composition of students in senior secondary schools), Aug. 18. http://en. moe.gov.cn/Resources/Statistics/edu_stat_2014/2014_en01/201509/t20150902_205030.html.
Ministries of Education and Finance of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部、財政部 (2007) 中等职业学校学生实习管理办法 (Administrative measures for internships at secondary vocational schools), June 26. http://www.moe.gov. cn/publicfiles/ business/htmlfiles/moe/s3566/201001/xxgk_79114.html.
Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the State Administration of Work Safety, and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission 教育部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、国家安全监管总局、中国保监会 (2016) 职业学校学生实习管理规定 (Regulations on the management of vocational school student internships), April 11. http://www.moe.edu.cn/srcsite/A07/moe_950/moe_721/201604/t20160426 _240252.html.
Ministry of Education, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Ministry of Agriculture, and the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development 教育部、国家发展改革委、财政部、人力资源社保障部、农业部、国务院扶贫办 (2014) 现代职业教育体系建设规划2014–2020年 (Modern vocational education system construction plan, 2014–2020), June 16. http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_630/201406/170737.html.
National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家统计局 (2016) 2015年农民工监测调查报告 (Investigative report on the monitoring of rural migrant workers in 2015). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201604/t20160428_1349713.html.
Naughton, Barry (2014) “China’s economy: complacency, crisis & the challenge of reform.” Daedalus 143, 2: 14–25.
Otis, Eileen M. (2009) “The labor of luxury: gender and generational inequality in a Beijing hotel.” Pp. 54–68 in Deborah S. Davis and Wang Feng (eds.), Creating Wealth and Poverty in Postsocialist China. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Perlin, Ross (2012) Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy. Updated ed. London: Verso.
Pun, Ngai, and Jenny Chan (2012) “Global capital, the state, and Chinese workers: the Foxconn experience.” Modern China 38, 4: 383–410.
Pun, Ngai, and Anita Koo (2015) “A ‘world-class’ (labor) camp/us: Foxconn and China’s new generation of labor migrants.” Positions: Asia Critique 23, 3: 411–35.
Rodino-Colocino, Michelle, and Stephanie N. Berberick (2015) “‘You kind of have to bite the bullet and do bitch work’: how internships teach students to unthink exploitation in public relations.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 486–500.
Rozelle, Scott, Prashant Loyalka, and James Chu (2013) “China’s human capital challenge and what can be done about it.” Presentation on “Responsible electronics 2013: student workers.” Oct. 2. http:// www.slideshare.net/EICCoalition/responsible-electronics-2013-student-workers.
Schmalz, Stefan, Brandon Sommer, and Hui Xu (2016) “The Yue Yuen strike: industrial transformation and labour unrest in the Pearl River Delta.” Globalizations: 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731 .2016.1203188.
Shen Yuan 沈原 [ed.] (2013) 清华社会学评论 — 社会转型与新生代农民工 (Tsinghua sociological review—social transformation and the new-generation migrant workers), vol. 6. Beijing: 社会科学文献出版社.
Smith, Chris, and Jenny Chan (2015) “Working for two bosses: student interns as constrained labour in China.” Human Relations 68, 2: 305–26.
Standing, Guy (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Su, Yihui (2010) “Student workers in the Foxconn empire: the commodification of education and labor in China.” J. of Workplace Rights 15, 3–4: 341–62.
Wang Fayun 王发运 and Li Yu 李宇 (2011) “2010年中国社会保险制度建设新进展” (New progress in the development of a social security system in 2010). Pp. 48–59 in Xin Ru 汝信, Xueyi Lu 陆学艺, and Peilin Li 李培林 (eds.), 2011年中国社会形势分析与预测 (Analysis and forecast of the social landscape in China, 2011). Beijing: 社会科学文献出版社.
Wang Tongxin 王同信 and Zhai Yujuan 翟玉娟 [eds.] (2013) 深圳新生代农民工调查报告 (Research report on the new generation of rural migrant workers in Shenzhen). Beijing: 中国法制出版社.
Warhurst, Chris, Françoise Carré, Patricia Findlay, and Chris Tilly [eds.] (2012). Are Bad Jobs Inevitable? Trends, Determinants and Responses to Job Quality in the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Woronov, T. E. (2016) Class Work: Vocational Schools and China’s Urban Youth. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Xu, Feng (2014) “Temporary work in China: precarity in an emerging labor market.” Pp. 143–63 in Judy Fudge and Kendra Strauss (eds.), Temporary Work, Agencies, and Unfree Labor: Insecurity in the New World of Work. New York: Routledge.
Zhan, Shaohua, and Lingli Huang (2013) “Rural roots of current migrant labor shortage in China: development and labor empowerment in a situation of incomplete proletarianization.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48: 81–111.
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Brown, Earl V. Jr., and Kyle A. deCant (2014) “Exploiting Chinese interns as unprotected industrial labor.” Asian-Pacific Law and Policy J. 15, 2: 150–95. http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/ APLPJ_15.2_Brown_deCant_FINAL.pdf.
Butollo, Florian, and Tobias ten Brink (2012) “Challenging the atomization of discontent: patterns of migrant-worker protest in China during the series of strikes in 2010.” Critical Asian Studies 44, 3: 419–40.
Chakrabortty, Aditya (2016) “Your new iPhone’s features include oppression, inequality—and vast profit.” The Guardian. Sept. 19. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/19/your -new-iphone-features-oppression-inequality-vast-profit.
Chan, Chris King-chi, and Elaine Sio-ieng Hui (2014) “The development of collective bargaining in China: from ‘collective bargaining by riot’ to ‘party state-led wage bargaining.’” China Q. 217: 221–42.
Chan, Jenny, Ngai Pun, and Mark Selden (2015) “Interns or workers? China’s student labor regime.” Asian Studies (Official Journal of the Asian Studies Association of Hong Kong) 1, 1: 69–98. http:// www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationJournal?PublicationID=P20151027006&typ e=P001; and, Asia-Pacific J. vol. 13, issue 36, no. 1 (Sept.) 7, http://apjjf.org/-Jenny-Chan/4372.
Chan, Jenny, and Mark Selden (2016) “The labour politics of China’s rural migrant workers.” Globalizations: 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1200263.
Chen, Chih-Jou Jay 陈志柔 (2015) “中国威权政体下的集体抗议: 台资厂大罢工的案例 分析” (Popular protest in an authoritarian regime: a wildcat strike in southern China). 台湾社 会学 30: 1–53.
China Labor Bulletin (2015) “Five years on, Nanhai Honda workers want more room from their trade union.” May 15. http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/five-years-nanhai-honda-workers-want-more -their-trade-union.
Chuang, Julia (2015) “Urbanization through dispossession: survival and stratification in China’s new townships.” J. of Peasant Studies 42, 2: 275–94.
DanWatch (2015) “Servants of servers: rights violations and forced labour in the supply chain of ICT (information and communications technology) equipment in European universities,” Oct. 5. https://www.danwatch.dk/en/undersogelse/servants-of-servers/.
de Peuter, Greig, Nicole S. Cohen, and Enda Brophy [eds.] (2015) “Interrogating internships: unpaid work, creative industries, and higher education.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 329–602.
EICC and REAP [Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and Stanford University’s Rural Education Action Program] (2015a) “Creating and evaluating a credentialing system for vocational schools in China.” Phase 2 final report. http://www.eiccoalition.org/media/docs/publications/EICC-REAP report2015.pdf.
EICC and REAP [Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and Stanford University’s Rural Education Action Program] (2015b) “A coalition for responsible vocational education.” 7-min video. https:// vimeo.com/140385551.
EICC and REAP [Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and Stanford University’s Rural Education Action Program] (2016) “Electronics industry recognizes vocational schools in China for excellence.” http://www.eiccoalition.org/news-and-events/news/credentialed-schools-china/.
Evans, Peter, and Sarah Staveteig (2009) “The changing structure of employment in contemporary China.” Pp. 69–82 in Deborah S. Davis and Wang Feng (eds.), Creating Wealth and Poverty in Postsocialist China. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Foxconn Technology Group (2010a) “Foxconn is committed to a safe and positive working environment,” Oct. 11. http://regmedia.co.uk/2010/10/12/foxconn_media_statement.pdf.
Foxconn Technology Group (2010b) “‘合作.共赢’: iDPBG召开实习生总结暨表彰大会” (“Win-win cooperation”: iDPBG convenes the intern appraisal and awards ceremony.) 鸿桥 (Foxconn Bridgeworkers) 183, 31 (Dec.). Print edition.
Frazier, Mark W. (2014) “State schemes or safety nets? China’s push for universal coverage.” Daedalus 143, 2: 69–80.
Friedman, Eli (2014) Insurgency Trap: Labor Politics in Postsocialist China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
Friedman, Eli, and Ching Kwan Lee (2010) “Remaking the world of Chinese labour: a 30-year retrospective.” British J. of Industrial Relations 48, 3: 507–33.
Gallagher, Mary E. (2005) Contagious Capitalism: Globalization and the Politics of Labor in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Harvey, David (2005) A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Hoffman, Lisa (2001) “Guiding college graduates to work: social constructions of labor markets in Dalian.” Pp. 43–66 in Nancy N. Chen, Constance D. Clark, Suzanne Z. Gottschang, and Lyn Jeffery (eds.), China Urban: Ethnographies of Contemporary Culture. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
Hope, Sophie, and Joanna Figiel (2015) “Interning and investing: rethinking unpaid work, social capital, and the ‘human capital regime.’” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 361–74.
Huang, Philip C. C. (2011) “The theoretical and practical implications of China’s development experience: the role of informal economic practices.” Modern China 37, 1: 3–43.
Ip, Iam-chong (2015) “Negotiating educated subjectivity: intern labor and higher education in Hong Kong.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 501–8. http://www.triple-c.at/index .php/tripleC/article/view/596/761.
Kuczera, Malgorzata, and Simon Field (2010) “Learning for jobs: OECD reviews of vocational education and training—options for China.” OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). http://www.oecd.org/china/45486493.pdf.
Kuruvilla, Sarosh, Ching Kwan Lee, and Mary E. Gallagher [eds.] (2011) From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization: Markets, Workers, and the State in a Changing China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
Lee, Ching Kwan (2016) “Precarization or empowerment? Reflections on recent labor unrest in China.” J. of Asian Studies 75, 2: 317–33.
Ling, Minhua (2015) “‘Bad students go to vocational schools!’: education, social reproduction and migrant youth in urban China.” China J. 73: 108–31.
Liu, Genghua (2014) “Private employment agencies and labour dispatch in China.” SECTOR Working Paper No. 293. Geneva: International Labour Office. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ public/-ed_dialogue/-sector/documents/publication/wcms_246921.pdf.
Lyddon, Dave, Xuebing Cao, Quan Meng, and Jun Lu (2015) “A strike of ‘unorganised’ workers in a Chinese car factory: the Nanhai Honda events of 2010.” Industrial Relations J. 46, 2: 134–52.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 (2010a) 国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要 2010–2020年 (Outline of China’s national plan for medium and long-term education reform and development, 2010–2020), July 29. http://www.gov .cn/jrzg/2010-07/29/content_1667143.htm.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 (2010b) 关于应对企业技工荒进一步做好中等职业学校学生实习工作的通知 (Circular on further improving the work of secondary vocational school student internships regarding the skilled labor shortage of enterprises), Mar. 10. http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/ htmlfiles/moe/s3044/201005/87769.html.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 (2015) 高中阶段学生数的构成 (Composition of students in senior secondary schools), Aug. 18. http://en. moe.gov.cn/Resources/Statistics/edu_stat_2014/2014_en01/201509/t20150902_205030.html.
Ministries of Education and Finance of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部、財政部 (2007) 中等职业学校学生实习管理办法 (Administrative measures for internships at secondary vocational schools), June 26. http://www.moe.gov. cn/publicfiles/ business/htmlfiles/moe/s3566/201001/xxgk_79114.html.
Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the State Administration of Work Safety, and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission 教育部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、国家安全监管总局、中国保监会 (2016) 职业学校学生实习管理规定 (Regulations on the management of vocational school student internships), April 11. http://www.moe.edu.cn/srcsite/A07/moe_950/moe_721/201604/t20160426 _240252.html.
Ministry of Education, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Ministry of Agriculture, and the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development 教育部、国家发展改革委、财政部、人力资源社保障部、农业部、国务院扶贫办 (2014) 现代职业教育体系建设规划2014–2020年 (Modern vocational education system construction plan, 2014–2020), June 16. http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_630/201406/170737.html.
National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家统计局 (2016) 2015年农民工监测调查报告 (Investigative report on the monitoring of rural migrant workers in 2015). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201604/t20160428_1349713.html.
Naughton, Barry (2014) “China’s economy: complacency, crisis & the challenge of reform.” Daedalus 143, 2: 14–25.
Otis, Eileen M. (2009) “The labor of luxury: gender and generational inequality in a Beijing hotel.” Pp. 54–68 in Deborah S. Davis and Wang Feng (eds.), Creating Wealth and Poverty in Postsocialist China. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Perlin, Ross (2012) Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy. Updated ed. London: Verso.
Pun, Ngai, and Jenny Chan (2012) “Global capital, the state, and Chinese workers: the Foxconn experience.” Modern China 38, 4: 383–410.
Pun, Ngai, and Anita Koo (2015) “A ‘world-class’ (labor) camp/us: Foxconn and China’s new generation of labor migrants.” Positions: Asia Critique 23, 3: 411–35.
Rodino-Colocino, Michelle, and Stephanie N. Berberick (2015) “‘You kind of have to bite the bullet and do bitch work’: how internships teach students to unthink exploitation in public relations.” tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 13, 2: 486–500.
Rozelle, Scott, Prashant Loyalka, and James Chu (2013) “China’s human capital challenge and what can be done about it.” Presentation on “Responsible electronics 2013: student workers.” Oct. 2. http:// www.slideshare.net/EICCoalition/responsible-electronics-2013-student-workers.
Schmalz, Stefan, Brandon Sommer, and Hui Xu (2016) “The Yue Yuen strike: industrial transformation and labour unrest in the Pearl River Delta.” Globalizations: 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731 .2016.1203188.
Shen Yuan 沈原 [ed.] (2013) 清华社会学评论 — 社会转型与新生代农民工 (Tsinghua sociological review—social transformation and the new-generation migrant workers), vol. 6. Beijing: 社会科学文献出版社.
Smith, Chris, and Jenny Chan (2015) “Working for two bosses: student interns as constrained labour in China.” Human Relations 68, 2: 305–26.
Standing, Guy (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Su, Yihui (2010) “Student workers in the Foxconn empire: the commodification of education and labor in China.” J. of Workplace Rights 15, 3–4: 341–62.
Wang Fayun 王发运 and Li Yu 李宇 (2011) “2010年中国社会保险制度建设新进展” (New progress in the development of a social security system in 2010). Pp. 48–59 in Xin Ru 汝信, Xueyi Lu 陆学艺, and Peilin Li 李培林 (eds.), 2011年中国社会形势分析与预测 (Analysis and forecast of the social landscape in China, 2011). Beijing: 社会科学文献出版社.
Wang Tongxin 王同信 and Zhai Yujuan 翟玉娟 [eds.] (2013) 深圳新生代农民工调查报告 (Research report on the new generation of rural migrant workers in Shenzhen). Beijing: 中国法制出版社.
Warhurst, Chris, Françoise Carré, Patricia Findlay, and Chris Tilly [eds.] (2012). Are Bad Jobs Inevitable? Trends, Determinants and Responses to Job Quality in the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Woronov, T. E. (2016) Class Work: Vocational Schools and China’s Urban Youth. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
Xu, Feng (2014) “Temporary work in China: precarity in an emerging labor market.” Pp. 143–63 in Judy Fudge and Kendra Strauss (eds.), Temporary Work, Agencies, and Unfree Labor: Insecurity in the New World of Work. New York: Routledge.
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Published
2017-08-07
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Section
Ad-Hoc: Labour in China: Structural Changes, Opening and Closing Processes
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Beiträge im Verhandlungsband des 38. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie werden unter der Creative Commons Lizenz "Namensnennung-Nicht kommerziell 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)" veröffentlicht.
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